The Biology syllabus for Class 11 and 12 is comprehensive, moving from the basic diversity of life to complex human systems and modern biotechnology. Below is a structured breakdown of the core units and chapters typically followed by the NCERT/CBSE curriculum.

Class 11 Biology: Foundations of Life

Class 11 focuses on the structural and functional aspects of organisms, providing the groundwork for biological sciences.

Unit 1: Diversity in the Living World

• The Living World: Definition of life, taxonomical categories, and aids.

• Biological Classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Viruse, and Lichens.

• Plant Kingdom: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

• Animal Kingdom: Classification of non-chordates and chordates.

Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology of Flowering Plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed.

• Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Tissues (meristematic/permanent) and tissue systems.

• Structural Organisation in Animals: Animal tissues and morphology/anatomy of an insect (Cockroach).

Unit 3: Cell: Structure and Functions

• Cell: The Unit of Life: Cell theory, prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells, and organelles.

• Biomolecules: Chemical constituents of living cells, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

• Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Cell cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis.

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Unit 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

• Respiration in Plants: Glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle, and electron transport system.

• Plant Growth and Development: Growth regulators (Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, ABA).

Unit 5: Human Physiology

• Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Respiratory organs and mechanism of breathing.

• Body Fluids and Circulation: Blood, lymph, and the human circulatory system.

• Excretory Products and Their Elimination: Urine formation, osmoregulation, and kidney function.

• Locomotion and Movement: Skeletal system, joints, and mechanism of muscle contraction.

• Neural Control and Coordination: Neuron, central nervous system, and sensory perception.

• Chemical Coordination and Integration: Endocrine glands and hormones.

Class 12 Biology: Applied Life Sciences

Class 12 shifts toward reproduction, genetics, and the interaction between humans and the environment.

Unit 6: Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Pollination, fertilization, and seed development.

• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, and pregnancy.

• Reproductive Health: Birth control, STDs, and infertility treatments (IVF, ART).

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian inheritance, sex determination, and genetic disorders.

• Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA, RNA, replication, transcription, and translation.

• Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution, and evidence for evolution.

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Unit 8: Biology in Human Welfare

• Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse.

• Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in household products, industrial production, and sewage treatment.

Unit 9: Biotechnology

• Biotechnology - Principles and Processes: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

• Biotechnology and its Applications: Applications in health (insulin, gene therapy) and agriculture (Bt crops).

Unit 10: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and Populations: Population interactions (mutualism, competition, etc.).

• Ecosystem: Energy flow, decomposition, and ecological pyramids.

• Biodiversity and its Conservation: Importance, patterns, and conservation strategies.

Class 12 Biology: Applied Life Sciences

Class 12 shifts toward reproduction, genetics, and the interaction between humans and the environment.

Unit 6: Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Pollination, fertilization, and seed development.

• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, and pregnancy.

• Reproductive Health: Birth control, STDs, and infertility treatments (IVF, ART).

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian inheritance, sex determination, and genetic disorders.

• Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA, RNA, replication, transcription, and translation.

• Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution, and evidence for evolution