Module 1: Foundations of Life – The Cell & Biomolecules

• Introduction to the basic principles of Biology

• Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

• Structure and function of living cells

• Cell organelles and cellular ultrastructure

• Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

• Cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis

• Cell cycle regulation and checkpoints

• A-Level/H2 focus: Enzyme kinetics, membrane transport, cell communication

Module 2: Human Physiology (Complete NEET + A-Level + H2 Coverage)

Digestive System

• Human digestion and absorption

• Enzyme activity & nutritional physiology

Respiratory System

• Exchange of gases

• Respiratory volumes and capacities

• A-Level detail: Gas transport mechanisms

Circulatory System

• Heart structure & mechanism

• Blood groups, clotting & immune response

• A-Level addition: Cardiac output & ECG interpretation

Excretory System

• Nephron structure

• Urine formation

• Regulation of kidney function

Nervous System

• Neuron structure, synapse & transmission

• Central and peripheral nervous systems

Endocrine System

• Hormones & mechanisms of action

• Feedback control systems

Module 3: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis mechanisms

• Photophosphorylation, C3/C4/CAM plants

• Plant water relations

• Transpiration and mineral uptake

• Plant hormones and growth regulators

• A-Level/H2 add-on: Respiration pathways & enzyme regulation

Module 4: Genetics & Evolution

Principles of Inheritance

• Mendelian laws

• Chromosomal inheritance

• Pedigree analysis (NEET + A-Level standard)

Molecular Biology

• DNA replication

• Transcription & translation

• Gene expression and regulation

• A-Level detail: Operon models, biotechnology applications

Evolution

• Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism

• Hardy-Weinberg principle

• Speciation and phylogeny

Module 5: Diversity of Life & Ecology

• Kingdom classification of organisms

• Morphology and anatomy of plants

• Animal kingdom classification

• Ecosystems, biomes & food chains

• Environmental issues and conservation biology

• A-Level/H2: Data-based ecological analysis

Module 6: Reproduction & Development

• Reproduction in plants and animals

• Human reproductive system

• Fertilization, pregnancy & reproductive health

• A-Level emphasis: Gametogenesis, hormonal regulation

Module 7: Biotechnology & Applied Biology

• Tools and techniques: PCR, electrophoresis, cloning

• Applications in agriculture, medicine & industry

• Genetic engineering concepts

• Bioethics and safety