Module 1: The French Revolution (1789–1799)

• Origins of the Revolution: social, economic, and political factors

• Fall of the Ancien Régime

• National Assembly and constitutional changes

• Reign of Terror

• Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

• Impact of the Revolution on Europe

Module 2: Napoleon and the Reshaping of Europe (1799–1815)

• Napoleonic reforms

• Continental System

• Expansion and resistance in Europe

• Decline and fall of Napoleon

• Vienna Settlement of 1815

Module 3: Restoration, Reaction, and Revolutions (1815–1848)

• The Congress of Vienna and the Balance of Power

• Conservative order and Metternich

• Liberalism and nationalism

• Revolutions of 1830

• Revolutions of 1848 and their outcomes

Module 4: Nationalism and Nation-Building (1850–1871)

• Unification of Italy

• Unification of Germany under Bismarck

• Crimean War

• Franco-Prussian War

• Transformation of European power structures

Module 5: Industrialisation and Social Change

• Growth of industrial capitalism

• Urbanisation and class formation

• Rise of socialism, Marxism, and labour movements

• Changes in family, gender roles, and social life

• Advances in science and technology

Module 6: Imperialism and the Age of Empire (1870–1914)

• Motivations for imperial expansion

• Scramble for Africa

• Colonial rule and resistance

• Global competition among European powers

• Cultural and racial ideologies of empire

Module 7: Origins and Course of the First World War (1914–1918)

• Long-term causes: nationalism, militarism, alliances

• Sarajevo crisis and outbreak

• Major battles and fronts

• War economies and societies

• Russian Revolution and its impact

• End of the war and the Armistice

Module 8: Interwar Europe (1919–1939)

• Treaty of Versailles and its consequences

• League of Nations

• Economic crises and the Great Depression

• Rise of fascism in Italy

• Nazism and Hitler’s Germany

• Authoritarian regimes across Europe

• Spanish Civil War

Module 9: Second World War (1939–1945)

• Causes and outbreak

• Major turning points

• Holocaust and crimes against humanity

• War on the Eastern and Western fronts

• Allied strategy and victory

• Consequences for Europe and the world

Module 10: Cold War in Europe (1945–1991)

• Division of Europe: Iron Curtain

• Marshall Plan and reconstruction

• NATO and the Warsaw Pact

• Berlin crises

• Hungarian Revolution (1956), Prague Spring (1968), Solidarity (Poland)

• Western European integration and the beginnings of the European Union

• Fall of dictatorships in Southern Europe

• Collapse of the Soviet sphere and the end of the Cold War

Module 11: Social and Cultural Transformations (1945–1991)

• Welfare states

• Post-war consensus and its decline

• Youth movements and counterculture (1960s–1970s)

• Feminist movements

• Immigration and multicultural changes

• Technological developments

Module 12: End of the Cold War and Reunification of Europe

• Gorbachev’s reforms

• Revolutions of 1989

• Fall of the Berlin Wall

• German reunification

• Dissolution of the USSR

• Europe entering the 1990s